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Genome of Indian cobra sequenced
Why in news?
- A consortium of scientists, including some from India, have mapped the genome of the Indian Cobra, among the most poisonous snakes in the country.
- Knowing the sequence of genes could aid in understanding the chemical constituents of the venom and contribute to development of new anti-venom therapies, which have remained practically unchanged for over a century.
More in news
- Human Loss due to Cobra Bites:
(1) Worldwide Deaths: Every year, approximately five million people worldwide are bitten by venomous snakes resulting in about 400,000 amputations and more than 100,000 deaths.
(2) Due to Big4 in India: Each year, about 46,000 people die and 140,000 people are disabled in India from snakebites by the ‘Big 4’ — the Indian cobra, the common krait, Russell’s viper, and the saw-scaled viper.
- Anti-Venom Development:
(1) “High-quality genomes of venomous snakes... will enable generation of a comprehensive catalogue of venom-gland-specific toxin genes that can be used for the development of synthetic anti-venom of defined composition.
- 19 toxin genes
(1) Scientists used the genome and gene expression data from 14 different cobra tissues.
(2) They annotated venom-gland-relevant genes and analysed the genomic organisation of gene families encoding toxin proteins involved in venom-gland function.
(3) The authors found that 19 toxin genes are expressed exclusively in the venom gland and verified the presence of protein for 16 of these genes.
(4) Targeting these 19 specific toxins using synthetic human antibodies should lead to a safe and effective anti-venom for treating Indian cobra bite.
- India is the snakebite capital of the world
(1) Sequencing alone won’t solve the problem: Sequencing a genome is an important step to making anti-venom but wouldn't on its own solve the problem of making and supplying enough of the product to address the huge volume and variety of snakebites in India.
(2) Effective only against Big 4:
(a) Though bites from 60 of 270 species of Indian snakes are known to kill or maim, anti-venom now available is only effective against the 'Big 4.'
(b) These 4 species are not found in northeastern India but the region reports a significant number of snake bites.
(c) That implies we need new kinds of anti-venom against species here.
- SourcesThe Hindu